The ALICE TPC A Large 3-dimensional Tracking Device With Fast Readout For Ultra-High Multiplicity Events

The design, construction, and commissioning of the ALICE Time-Projection Chamber (TPC) is described. It's the primary gadget for sample recognition, monitoring, iTagPro Review and identification of charged particles within the ALICE experiment on the CERN LHC. The TPC is cylindrical in shape with a quantity near 90 m 3 and is operated in a 0.5 T solenoidal magnetic area parallel to its axis. On this paper we describe in detail the design issues for this detector for operation within the excessive multiplicity surroundings of central Pb-Pb collisions at LHC vitality. The implementation of the resulting necessities into hardware (area cage, read-out chambers, electronics), infrastructure (gas and cooling system, laser-calibration system), and software led to many technical innovations which are described along with a presentation of all the major elements of the detector, as presently realized. We also report on the performance achieved after completion of the first spherical of stand-alone calibration runs and show outcomes close to these specified in the TPC Technical Design Report.



ALICE ‘central barrel’, for tracking of charged particles and particle identification. The main aim of the ALICE experiment on the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the investigation of Pb-Pb collisions at a heart-of-mass energy of 5.5 TeV per nucleon pair. The resulting detector alternative was a big-quantity TPC with overall ‘conventional’ lay-out but with practically all other design parameters past the cutting-edge. This manuscript describes intimately the ensuing detector and outlines the trail from design considerations to building and commissioning. In outline the ALICE TPC consists of a hollow cylinder whose axis is aligned with the beams from the LHC and is parallel to the ALICE detector’s solenoidal magnetic area. The detector is filled with a counting gas consisting of a Ne-CO2-N2 mixture at atmospheric pressure. Charged particles traversing the detector ionize the fuel. The ionization electrons drift, under the affect of the electric discipline, to the endplates of the cylinder, where their arrival level within the cylinder aircraft is exactly measured.



The ALICE set-up is shown in Fig. 1. The TPC surrounds the Inner Tracking System (ITS) which is optimized for the dedication of the first and secondary vertices and precision monitoring of low-momentum particles. On the skin the Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) is designed for electron identification. The outermost Time-Of-Flight (TOF) array offers pion, kaon, and proton identification. In addition, there are three single-arm detectors: the Photon Spectrometer (PHOS), the Electro-Magnetic CALorimeter (EMCAL) and an array of Rich counters optimized for high-Momentum Particle IDentification (HMPID). L3 solenoidal magnet previously used by the L3 experiment. The stringent requirement on the TPC temperature stability and homogeneity necessitate an elaborate cooling method. The strategy to stabilize the TPC temperature was validated experimentally in a small test setup and is described in Refs. Basically, it was demonstrated that thermal neutrality of the FECs will be achieved by ‘undercooling’, i.e. the cooling water is injected into the FEC cooling loops several levels under the desired TPC working gas temperature. Furthermore, it was shown that the body cooling loops are required to ascertain stable equilibrium values of the gas operating temperature. The response of the leakless plant to the sudden appearance of a significant leak, e.g. the inadvertent removing of a silicon hose with water circulation on, has been tested employing specially made mock-up sectors. The 2 mock-up sectors used have approximately the identical properties as a real sector when it comes to silicon-hose tubing, i.e. the pressure distribution of the water is similar to a real sector. 0.7, as the result of an optimization process, however shall be a subject of additional investigation. Figure 81 exhibits the TPC sign of cosmic tracks versus their momentum, from 8.3 million events.



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